![]() ![]() Consequently, tissue damage and injuries are frequent and require surgical intervention (such as., anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction 11, 32). 48 The knee is exposed to high forces during activities of daily living, exercise, and sports performance. In the United States, there are more than 10 million visits to clinics every year because of knee injury or pathology. 12, 29 This is an expected consequence of knee biomechanics being a vast research area and the knee being a site of high incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal problems. 5, 51įE methods have long been used to study joint mechanics, in particular for explorations of the human knee. 16 Advances and availability of modeling and simulation have made it possible to create increasingly detailed models which can reliably represent the anatomy and physiology for prediction of biomechanical response under a variety of loading scenarios. Finite element (FE) analysis in particular can be a transformative tool to advance the understanding of structure–function interactions in biological systems and can also assist in clinical planning or decision making concerning the biomechanics of joints, organs, and medical devices. Potential roadmaps for reuse of Open Knee(s) are also discussed.Ĭomputational modeling and simulation of biological structures is ubiquitous from scientific research to clinical decision making. Passive flexion served as a test simulation case, demonstrating an end-user application. In addition, the models and by-products of modeling workflows are described along with model development strategies and tools. The objective of this study is to disseminate Open Knee(s), a cohort of eight knee models (and relevant digital assets) for finite element analysis, that are based on comprehensive specimen-specific imaging data. With provenance to specimen-specific anatomical and mechanical data and traceability of digital assets throughout the whole lifecycle of the model, reproducibility and credibility of the modeling practice can be established. ![]() When all of these data, derivate assets, and tools are freely and openly accessible, researchers can bypass some or all the steps required to build models and focus on using them to address their research goals. The outcome of the workflow is not only the end-point knee model but also many other digital by-products. Modeling and simulation workflow has many processes such as image segmentation, surface geometry generation, mesh generation and finally, creation of a finite element representation with relevant loading and boundary conditions. It necessitates expertise to transform raw data to reliable virtual representations. Development of models for finite element analysis is a demanding process that is both time consuming and resource intensive. Accessibility to previously developed models and related digital assets can dramatically reduce barriers to entry to conduct simulation-based studies of the knee joint and therefore help accelerate scientific discovery and clinical innovations. There is a growing interest in the use of virtual representations of the knee for musculoskeletal research and clinical decision making, and to generate digital evidence for design and regulation of implants. ![]()
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